A newly-identified visual protein lets dragonflies detect deep red and near-infrared light using a mechanism strikingly similar to that in human eyes, an unexpected case of parallel evolution with potential medical applications, according to new research from Osaka Metropolitan University.
Asiagomphus melaenops female in Miroku forest, Kasugai, Aichi prefecture, Japan. Image credit: Alpsdake / CC BY-SA 4.0.
Humans perceive the colors of light through a protein called opsin in the eye.
In humans, three types of opsins — corresponding to blue, green, and red light — are responsible for color vision.
Among insects, dragonflies have unusually strong red vision.
In their new study, Osaka Metropolitan University’s Professor Mitsumasa Koyanagi and colleagues identified a dragonfly opsin that detects light at around 720 nm, which is outside of the deepest red end of our visible spectrum.
“This is one of the most red-sensitive visual pigments ever found,” said Osaka Metropolitan University’s Professor Akihisa Terakita.
“Dragonflies can likely see deeper into red light than most insects.”
The researchers hypothesized that this would help dragonflies identify suitable mates.
To test this idea, they measured reflectance, the amount of light a surface reflects. And in dragonflies, this reflected light influences how they appear to each other.
The scientists found significant differences between male and female Asiagomphus melaenops dragonflies in red to near-infrared reflectance, suggesting that detecting these wavelengths helps males quickly distinguish members of the opposite sex during flight.
“Surprisingly, the mechanism by which dragonfly red opsin detects red light is identical to that of red opsin in mammals, including humans,” said Osaka Metropolitan University graduate student Ryu Sato.
“This is an unexpected result, suggesting that the same evolutionary process occurred independently in distantly related lineages.”
The authors also revealed an important insight that could help turn this discovery into real-world applications.
They pinpointed a single key position in the protein that controls its sensitivity to light.
When they tweaked this, it pushed this sensitivity even further, allowing the protein to respond to light close to the infrared range.
They engineered a version of the protein that reacts to even longer wavelengths and showed that cells equipped with it can be activated by near-infrared light.
These findings could be useful in the field of optogenetics, which uses light-sensitive proteins that are activated with light to investigate medical conditions.
As the dragonfly opsin responds to light with longer wavelengths, it could work better inside deeper tissues.
“In this study, we succeeded in shifting the sensitivity of a modified near-infrared opsin from Gomphidae dragonflies even further toward longer wavelengths and confirmed that the modified near-infrared opsin can induce cellular responses in response to near-infrared light,” Professor Koyanagi said.
“These findings demonstrate this opsin as a promising optogenetic tool capable of detecting light even deep within living organisms.”
The study was published in January 2026 in the journal Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.
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R. Sato et al. 2026. Dragonfly red opsins share a common tuning mechanism with mammalian red opsins and further enhancement of near-infrared sensitivity. Cell. Mol. Life Sci 83, 66; doi: 10.1007/s00018-025-06017-9
